Case Study of Harley

Introduction Harley-Davidson Company has been in the motorcycle manufacturing business for decades now. The American based company was launched in Wisconsin at the start of the 20th century as a small yet promising motorcycle manufacturer. Due to its strong managerial and marketing background, Harley-Davidson outwitted the Great Depression era that witnessed many manufacturing firms going under receivership while others closing down completely.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Case Study of Harley-Davidson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unfavorable competition brought about by lack of adequate quality control of the US markets was yet another challenging moment for Harley-Davidson (Harley-Davidson, 2006). Nonetheless, it survived the harsh markets, moved on and later emerged as one of the global leaders in the manufacture of heavyweight motorcycles with over 750 cc. engine capacity. Today, Harley-Da vidson motorcycles are known globally due to their distinctive design similar to that of a chopper. Unfortunately, the firm has not been successful in its bid to venture and invest in the light motor-cycle industry largely due to dominance by other market rivals. Through its loyal brand community, the motorcycle manufacturer has spread its marketing tentacles far and wide. Its logo alone generates about five per cent of the firm’s net income. This paper explores a case study of Harley-Davidson and the strategic marketing theories and concepts used. The paper also offers some recommendations that the company could adopt to improve its marketing competences. Case Summary Customer loyalty is the strongest marketing strategy of Harley-Davidson, a phenomenon not common with most brands especially those operating in the high end manufacturing market. One reason attributed to this overwhelming success in the company’s marketing strategy is the fact the marketing department ha s laid more emphasis on the needs of customers, the latter being the most vital asset owned by the company (Harley-Davidson, 2006). Firstly, the company marketers have taken significant amounts of time to understand the ideals of Harley-Davidson customers, what they really want and how their purchasing needs and preferences can be met at any given time. For the company, it is imperative to serve its customers with passion. This entails evaluating their feelings as well as their rationale behind buying at Harley-Davidson. According to the marketing team, attention to details is paramount in understanding the needs of customers (Harley-Davidson, 2006). The management at Harley-Davidson confirms that it is out of customer satisfaction that it has grown into a five billion dollar company and the largest group sponsored by a company worldwide(Harley-Davidson, 2006). Currently, there are over nine hundred thousand members attached to Harley Owners Group (HOG).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the management admits, the company does not just sell motorcycles. Harley-Davidson believes in creating a sense of independence, free will as well as liberty to its chronic buyers so that they do not just purchase the machinery alone but the intrinsic benefits that come along with it. Hence, the motorcycle manufacturing firm has gone beyond creating product consumption experience. Buying at Harley-Davidson has become a lifestyle to its customers. Therefore, the management realizes that supporting such a high level consumption experience as well as a life style requires rigorous marketing tools. This has been attained through the establishment of a network of individuals who work smart and tireless hard to deliver the mission and vision of the company. In one of its common marketing strategies, the company often sponsors travel adventures alongside other breat htaking events for its customers and other interested users. For instance, it may occasionally opt to offer free clothing and other riding accessories for passionate motorists and other fun-loving individuals (Harley-Davidson, 2006). Application of marketing theories in the case study There are quite a number of marketing theories, concepts and models that are applicable in the Harley-Davidson case study. To begin with, it is vital to understand that the consumption experience of consumers at the company is largely driven by how best the very customers make their decisions (Gummesson, 2002). The myriad marketing principles applied by the marketing team at Harley-Davidson is clear evidence why consumers will choose their products against those of the competitors. For instance, the brand name of the company has remained to be a very strong marketing tool over the decades especially in reaching out to new customers who may not have had prior shopping experience with the company. From t he utility theory of the decision making model by consumers, it is proposed that the purchasing decisions made by consumers is heavily dependent on the anticipated outcomes of the very decisions made. In this regard, consumers are treated at actors who are rational in their decision making process and will only settle at what will bring optimum benefit and satisfaction to them. Hence, the marketers at Harley-Davidson are quite aware of this and as it is the sole reason why customers are given the first priority as real assets to the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Case Study of Harley-Davidson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, it is definite that consumers may not always be rational in decision making. Better still, they may equally fail to fully recognize the various inputs which affect their overall decision making patterns. In addition, they can fairly estimate frequencies of eve nts but the process of translating the latter into probabilities is typically cumbersome for consumers. Although the utility theory of decision making paradigm by consumers has been embraced for long, it has notable limitations that cannot be elaborated by the given marketing model. A more simpler and satisfactory backup of the utility theory is the one referred to as satisficing. According to this model, consumers tend to stop the process of decision making once their immediate needs are met. This can be used to explain the loyalty nature of customers attached to Harley-Davidson products. They no longer need to make further decisions on whether to purchase heavy motorcycles and related products from Harley-Davidson since their buying needs have already been satisfied. The marketing department at Harley-Davidson has largely utilized a marketing theory referred to as consideration. This theory has it that consumers are of equal importance to the brand name of a company. In other word s, customers act as a subset to the company upon which all decisions are made. As customers continue to attach more importance in purchasing motorcycles from Harley-Davidson, the management of the company is equally enforcing the theory f involvement. As the motorcycle manufacturing firm continues to launch new brands to the market, it has to intensely involve its active and prospected consumers. This is evident in the manner in which the company engages its customers and interested users of its products in events such as adventurous riding and contests so that they can develop liking for the Harley-Davidson motorcycles. How does Harley-Davidson build long term customer relationship? Harley-Davidson has a variety of strategies in place aimed at building long term relationships. First, the company has revolutionized its customer experience on the purchase of heavy motorcycles.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has dominated the market with the manufacture of high quality products that go along way satisfying customers (Hunt, 2002). The company has embarked on a serious quality program of its motorcycles so that it does not only retain and build long term relationships with its chronic customers but also work towards maintaining market leadership. Second, the Harley Owners Group (HOG) is another strategy being employed by the company to build long lasting consumer experience and relationship. There is a close working relationship among the HOG members aimed at fostering better customer satisfaction in the heavy motorcycle industry. Through the large pool of HOG membership numbering over 900,000, customers have been netted and retained far and wide. This has consequently assured the company of its profitability and survival even during the hard economic times. Third, Harley-Davidson has a comprehensive company sponsored adventures aimed at bringing together its customers and other fun lo ving users of its heavy duty motorcycles in field events. It is a form of social corporate responsibility that seeks to reach out for the wider population with some form of entertainment while at the same time creating demand for its motorcycles. The company also offers some clothes and other residing accessories for the users of its motorcycles as way of attracting their attention to the Harley-Davidson brand. What is Harley-Davidson’s value proposition? The value proposition of Harley-Davidson lies heavily in the way the company conducts its business strategies. Although the management of the company is confident in the quality of its motorcycles, it has a strong conviction that satisfaction derived from thorough understanding of customer’s feelings, likes and dislikes as well as preferences is long lasting and is perhaps the best business strategy to adopt. In order to achieve this value proposition, the company has created a mentality of a lifestyle in the consumpt ion of its products (Copley, 2004). It is not merely the need of customers to purchase motorcycles from Harley-Davidson, developing great liking and passion for the various company brands is of utmost importance. The company has attributed this value proposition as the major growth factor at Harley-Davidson. Relate the concept of customer equity to Harley-Davidson. How does Harley-Davidson’s strategy focus on the right relationships with the right customers? The total lifetime and markdown value of all customers attached to a given company is referred to as customer equity. In other words, customer equity will largely determine how a company shapes its strategies as part and parcel of meeting the needs of its users. In the case study of Harley-Davidson, customer equity is being driven by three main factors namely value, brand and retention equities. The utility value of Harley-Davidson motorcycles is critically assessed by the company and any necessary modification are made i n order to maintain or improve the value of their products. Besides, the Harley-Davidson brand is regularly assessed by the customers in terms of what the company claims to be offering against what is actually received. Finally, the retention equity will see into it that customers attempt to stay put with a particular brand and hence it is upon the company to comply with the needs of customers since the latter shapes the overall business strategy being adopted by the company. Hence, customer equity enables Harley-Davidson to choose the most applicable tool among the aforementioned drivers in satisfying the diverse needs of its wide array of customers. Conclusions and recommendations Although Harley-Davidson brand has remained competitive and stable even during the hard economic times, there are still numerous concerns that the management has not addressed adequately. Its value proposition currently stands at developing passion for its products. However, this may not be sustainable a s a business strategy over time owing to the changing and unpredictable customer preferences in addition to the entrance of other market players. Indeed, the company’s bid to venture in light motorcycles has not been successful so far since the old strategies may not be productive in a market where competition is rife. It is against this backdrop that the following recommendations have been suggested as way out for Harley-Davidson to remain profitable even as it expands its brand portfolio. To begin with, the management at Harley-Davidson should ensure that customer satisfaction is not just driven by passion per se. the price of its motorcycles as well as the availability of its brands should be satisfactory to its consumers (Roth Mullen,1991). It is a basic requirement in a business strategy that Harley-Davidson cannot ignore. Secondly, the company can differentiate itself from other market rivals by creating superior service levels to its products. Customers must be able t o distinguish between the services offered by Harley-Davidson and market players. For instance, response to queries from customers should be fast enough. In addition, improved delivery and other after-sale services should stand out for Harley-Davidson to boost competitiveness. Finally, variety of customer experience strategies should be applied throughout the lifetime of the company (Gilmore, 2003). For example, both existing and prospective customers should be educated on how to make better buying decisions. It is pertinent for customers to be fully aware of the product knowledge and not merely making it a lifestyle. Customers who have the right knowledge of the products they are willing to buy are more likely to remain loyal for long. References Copley, P. (2004). Marketing communications management: concepts and theories,  cases and practices, Burlington: Elsevier Inc. Gilmore, A. (2003). Services marketing and management, London: Sage Publications. Gummesson, E. (2002). Total relationship marketing, Oxford: Elsevier Science. Harley-Davidson (2006). Video Case. Web. Hunt, D.S. (2002). Foundations of marketing theory: toward a general theory of  marketing, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Roth, M.B. Mullen, D.J. (1991). Decision Making: Its Logic and Practice, Savage: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc. 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Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction

Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction Research shows that one of the most effective ways to meet all learners needs is to differentiate instruction. Many teachers use differentiated instruction strategies because it allows them to engage their students by accommodating each students unique learning style. However, when you have a large group of students, it can be tough to keep up with each child’s individual needs. It takes time to come up with, and implement differentiated activities.  To help keep the workload manageable, teachers have tried a variety of strategies, from tiered assignments to choice boards. Here are a few more teacher-tested teaching strategies to differentiate instruction in your elementary classroom.   Choice Board Choice boards are activities that give students options as to what activities to complete to meet class requirements. A great example of this comes from a third-grade teacher named Mrs. West. Mrs. West uses choice boards with her third-grade students because she feels it is the easiest way to differentiate instruction while keeping her students engaged. While choice boards can be set up in a variety of ways (student interest, ability, learning style, etc.) Mrs. West chooses to set up her choice boards by using the Multiple Intelligence Theory. She sets up the choice board like a tic tac toe board- in each box she writes a different activity and asks her students to choose one activity from each row. The activities vary in content, product, and process. Here is an example of the types of tasks she uses on her students choice board. Choice Board for Multiple Intelligences: Verbal/Linguistic – Write instructions on how to use your favorite gadget.Logical/Mathematical – Design a map of your bedroom.Visual/Spatial –   Create a comic strip.Interpersonal-   Interview a friend or your best friend.Free ChoiceBody-Kinesthetic - Make up a game.Musical – Write a song.Naturalist – Conduct an experiment.Intrapersonal – Write about the future. Learning Menu Learning menus are much like choice boards whereas students have the opportunity to choose which tasks on the menu that they would like to complete. However, the learning menu is unique in that it actually takes the form of a menu. Instead of having a nine square grid with nine unique choices on it, the menu can have an unlimited amount of choices for the students to choose from. You can also set up your menu in a variety of ways, as mentioned above. Here is an example of a spelling homework learning menu: Learning Menu for Homework: (Students choose one from each category)Appetizer - Sort spelling words into categories, choose three spelling words to define, highlight all vowels.Entree - Use all spelling words to write a story, write a poem using five spelling words, write a sentence for each spelling word.Dessert - Write your spelling words in ABC order, Create a word search using at least five words, use a mirror to write your spelling words backward.   Tiered Activities In a tiered activity, all students are working on the same activity, but the activity is differentiated according to ability level. A great example of this type of tiered strategy is in an elementary school classroom where kindergartners are at the reading center.   An easy way to differentiate learning without the students even knowing it  is to have the students play the game, Memory. This game is easy to differentiate because you can have beginning students try to match a letter with its sound, while the more advanced students can try and match a letter to a word. To differentiate this station, all you have to do is have different bags of cards for each level, and direct specific students to which cards they should choose from. To make differentiation invisible, color-code the bags and tell each student which color he/she should choose. Another example of tiered activities is to break the assignment into three sections using varied levels of tasks. Here is an example of a basic tiered activity: Tier One: (Low) - Describe how the character acts.Tier Two: (Middle) - Describe the changes the character went through.Tier Three: (High) - Describe the clues that the author gives about the character. Many elementary school teachers find that this differentiated instructional strategy is an effective way for students to reach the same goals while taking into account each of their students’ individual needs. Adjusting Questions Many teachers find that an effective questioning strategy is to use adjusted questions to help them differentiate instruction in their classroom. The way this strategy works is simple- you use Blooms Taxonomy to develop questions starting with the most basic level, then moving towards the more advanced levels. Students at varying levels are able to answer questions on the same topic, but also at their own level. Here is an example of how teachers can use adjusted questing to differentiate an activity: For this example, the students had to read a paragraph, then answer a question that was tiered to their level. Basic learner - Describe what happened after...Advanced learner - Can you explain why...More Advanced learner - Do you know of another situation where... Flexible Grouping Many teachers who differentiate instruction in their classroom find flexible grouping an effective method of differentiation because it provides students with the opportunity to work with other students who may have a similar learning style, readiness, or interest as them. Depending on the purpose of the lesson, teachers can plan their activities based on a students’ attributes, then use flexible grouping to group students accordingly. The key to making flexible grouping effective is making sure the groups are not static. Its important that teachers continually conduct assessments throughout the year, and move students among the groups as they master their skills. Often time’s teachers tend to group students according to their ability at the beginning of the school year, and then forget to change the groups, or do not think they need to. This is not an effective strategy and will only hinder students from progressing. The Jigsaw The Jigsaw cooperative learning strategy is another effective method to differentiate instruction. In order for this strategy to be effective, students must work together with their classmates to complete an assignment. Heres how to works: Students are divided into small groups and each student is assigned one task. This is where the differentiation comes in- each child within the group is responsible for learning one thing, then bringing the information that they learned back to their group to teach their peers. The teacher can differentiate learning by choosing what, and how, each student in the group will learn the information. Here is an example of what a Jigsaw learning group looks like. Example of a Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Group: Students are divided into groups of five students. Their task is to research Rosa Parks. Each student within the group is given a task that suits their unique learning style. Here is an example. Student 1: Create a fake interview with Rosa Parks and find out about her early life.Student 2: Create a song about the Montgomery bus boycott.Student 3: Write a journal entry about Rosa Parks life as a civil rights pioneer.Student 4: Create a game that tells facts about racial discrimination.Student 5: Create a poster about Rosa Parks legacy and death. In todays elementary schools, classrooms are not taught with a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. Differentiated instruction allows for teachers to meet the needs of all learners, while still maintaining high standards and expectations for their students. Whenever you teach a concept in a variety of different modalities, you increase the chances that you will reach each and every student.

Philosophy business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy business ethics - Essay Example He has to take some initiative to spare his company from grave losses. First of all, I argue that if habitual drug use was the main cause of the declining profit, Mr. Bowie has the right to defend his company by conducting the drug test. As the leader of a company, Mr. Bowie has to fulfill his duty and responsibility to ensure the safety of the company to satisfy the stockholders. It is natural for him to feel so dejected about his company’s future, since he has struggled a lot for the betterment of the company’s productivity. Still, bad performance began to be displayed by his employees due to lack of professionalism and loyalty for the last fifteen years. Finally, he discovered that the root cause of all the mishaps is that most of the employees relied on drugs. Now, when he is finally familiar with the root cause of the problem and the effective results implemented by the strategy of drug testing, he unequivocally has the right to use the drug test and it is even his job to do so, because if he goes on ignoring the method, it would mea n that he is not fulfilling his duty as the chief manager of the company. The strategy that is to be discussed presently and which I support, is â€Å"drug testing†, that includes having an employee tested for their urine in the presence of two other persons of the same sex in the same room. Now, this idea of having the urine tested explicitly in front of two other persons, no matter if they may be of the same sex, can very potently appear to be extremely humiliating and embarrassing for any employee, and that is the major reason why people stand up against this method. That does not mean this strategy should be eradicated or banned completely. I, personally, believe this to be profoundly vital for the long-term success of any company because sometimes, the very threat of drug testing can work miracles. This threat is especially functional when it is effectively used at the time of employing new persons as

Philosophy ( Against Bioethics) by jonathan baron Essay

Philosophy ( Against Bioethics) by jonathan baron - Essay Example This essay will explore the meaning of QALY in bioethics. A QALY is an initial of the terms quality-adjusted life year. It refers to a measure of health outcome values and includes quality and quantity of life lived. QALYs measure an individual’s expected life years in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. To determine the value of QALY, one multiplies the utility value associated with a state of health by the number of years the individual lives in that state. The calculations involved in finding out how QALYs are measured are as explained below. QALYs were first introduced by the researchers and decision analysts in the United States of America. Quality-adjusted life year is used in assessing the monetary value of a medical intervention. This model is based on the life period that would be added in the intervention. Yearly, if an individual is in perfect health, they earn a value of 1.0 up to 0.0 for death. However, in cases where the patient incurs some unhealthy conditions that may be long lasting, then a value of between 0(years) and 1(year) is assigned to account for the unhealthy condition. Some of the conditions may even include blindness and physical challenges to the body which may even lead to individuals using wheel-chairs. Baron argues that applied bioethics lacks the element of a coherent theory, and for this fact; it is largely based on judgments that are intuitive. He continually proposes the fact that bioethics could have a coherent theory based on decision analysis and utilitarianism. The utilitarianism factor defines the best option as the one that gives the best output. Such a theory makes bioethics yield the best results in relation to the people involved. Furthermore, Baron argues that the recent practices involved in bioethics should be avoided. He also notes that with the combination of utilitarianism and decision analysis, bioethics can achieve most out of it by

A reflection on the care of a critically ill patient Essay

A reflection on the care of a critically ill patient - Essay Example Physicians are expected to make proper clinical assessments to determine whether failures are reversible or irreversible to determine the kind of decision to make. Such assessments are useful on determining whether to withdraw treatment, the kind of therapy to apply and many others. There are a lot of controversies that surround the aspects of managing MOF. This is due to the reason that there is no known treatment cause to be taken on patients with the complication. The field lacks proper research and controlled studies that will aid in giving proper care. Instead, the current methodologies in the treatment and care of MOF patients suggest the application of different immunotherapy patients which are often full of mistakes and inapplicable in some cases. Many players in this field also rely on information from laboratories and at times, many have accepted the use of unproved interventions to control the complication. Further, the field of MOF management lacks definitive diagnostic p recisions and this has been a major discouraging factor (Jevon $ Ewens 2007). All the above problems experienced in this field greatly contribute to the current lack of principled and well-defined rules to follow during patient management. This has made it difficult for physicians to realize what should happen when certain situations come up. This is one of the problems that one can identify when working with others in the area. Mostly, individuals apply what they think is right at certain times and expects families to consent to their determinations. Further, complications such as systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunctions (MOD) presents complications that are difficult to identify and this has further worsened the situation in ICUs dealing with critically ill patients (Jevon $ Ewens 2007). Despite the above challenges, there have been multiple developments made concerning the issue of MOF. Further research has been able to make progress in det ermining the physiology of SIRS; the leading cause of multiple organ failure. Major pathophysiological mechanisms that are within the inflammatory conditions of MOF have been developed with better definitions of sepsis, SIRS and MODS. Health practitioners have made progress in ensuring the prevention of organ failure by ensuring optimum circulation and faster correction of hypoxia of tissues experienced by patients in high-risks. All these developments have been important in ensuring effective care to the patient. Application of the knowledge from the pathophysiology of SIRS, sepsis and MODS helps in the determination of the best methods as regards the care of patients. This paper will reflect on the self experience of taking care of a patient with a multiple organ failure. It will define the best methodologies for application under certain situations that can complicate the process of care to the patient. My experience as regards this issue is of a 57-yr old man who was found colla psed by his wife. Examination of the man recorded some existence of SIRS, the main observation being spontaneous breathing. Initial management was immediate intubation within the ambulance fifteen minutes after the arrival. He was admitted on hospital where a follow up of examinations were done to ascertain the cause and extent of the complication. A scan of the head was done which showed normal functioning at first instances. However, extensive coronary calcification was noted on the

The Importance Of The Nile River Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of The Nile River Environmental Sciences Essay Everyone has certain things they struggle with, and we are always willing to lend an ear to anyone who might help us resolve one of those struggles and find the best solutions for these Struggles. No one can live without water; this is why Nile is like the main artery  of Egypt. The Nile is considered the only weapons that protect Egypt from the upcoming water war that will destroy a lot of countries. Egypt would be almost all barren deserts without the Nile. This Paper is an attempt to prove that the Nile is one of the most important things that Egypt cant live without, by studying how ancient Egyptians used it to make their great history, how Egyptians now are greatly affected by the Nile and that without it Egypt will die. No one can deny that the Nile was so important to the pharaohs in their daily life. The pharaohs was so smart , they used the Nile so good to help them in their life. The pharaohs used the Nile for agriculture. The pharaoh got all the rich peasants to do the farm work on the rich lands. Most of the ancient villagers were farmers. Farmers lived in towns too with craft workers, traders and other workers and their families. Egyptians grew several crops such as wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines. The most important crop at this time was grain. The pharos used grain to make bread, porridge and beer. The Grain was the first crop they grew after  flooding season. Once grain was harvested, they grew vegetables such as onions, cabbages, beans, cucumbers and lettuce .Farmers planted fruit, trees along paths, to give shade as well as fruit. The Egyptians grew their crops along the banks of the River Nile on the rich black soil which was considered one of the best soils for agriculture in the world. This rich soil was left behind after the yearly floods. This soil was ideal to grow healthy crops. Egyptian farmers divided their year into three seasons, based on the cycles of the Nile: Akhet  which starts in June and ends in September and called also The Flooding Season. Farming was not done at this time, as all the fields were flooded. Instead, many farmers worked for the pharaoh, building pyramids or temples. Some of the time was spent mending their tools and looking for animals. Peret which starts in October and ends in February and called also The Growing Season.  In October, the floodwaters receded, leaving behind a layer of black soil. Shemu  which starts in March and ends in May and called also The Harvesting Season.  The fully grown crops had to be harvested and removed before the Nile is flooded again. It was also the time to repair the canals to be ready for the next flood. Every June in the year, the Nile flooded. This was kn own the flooding season. During this time the farmers mend tools or make new ones. People would go fishing for extra food or money. To lift the water from the Nile they used a  shaduf. A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other end. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the Nile River. The farmers then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He then swings the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field. Nowadays Egyptian are sticking to the Nile from ancient Egyptians to modern Egypt which prove how living beside the Nile is important and living beside the Nile make life easier. A question that a lot of people dont know its answer, Why the Nile River Flood? .Rains in Africa, especially rains coming from the Ethiopian Highlands, and melting snow caused the Nile River to flood. The Ancient Egyptians used something called nilometer to record how high the Nile was during the year. In May the Nile River is at the lowest point as it will be all year long. From June to August the Nile River rises rapidly. In the middle of September the river is at the peak. By the time October, the Niles water level begins to decrease again. The Ancient Egyptians held a big festival every year for the Nile River because they thought that the Nile River flooded because Isis which was an Egyptian goddess. They also offered a  human  sacrifice for the Nile River. The flood still continues every year. The annual flood carries dead and decaying plants in its muddy solution. The  muddy water  is called silt, and silt creates excellent farm soil.  Since 1970, the  Aswan Dam  has controlled the annual flood of the Nile River by holding back water, the Aswan Dam created the worlds largest man-made lake: Lake Nasser. The water from Lake Nasser provided new fishing areas and provides much needed water for agriculture. Since the Nile was so important in old Egyptian history, so its for sure that the Nile importance increased now much more .One of the most important thing that Egypt gets benefit due to the Nile is the High Dam. The high dam is located in Aswan. It was completed in 1970. It cost was one billion dollar; its capacity is 5.97 trillion cubic feet. It was built to control the flood and to obtain from it hydroelectric power and it is also used in irrigation. The Aswan High Dam captures water flood during rain seasons and releases the water during times of drought. The dam also generates enormous amounts of electric power more than 10 billion kilowatt every year. Thats enough electricity to power one million color televisions for 20 years continuously. Unfortunately, the dam has also several negative side effects. In order to build the dam, Egyptian peasants had to move. To make matters worse, the rich silt that normally fertilized the dry desert land during annual floods is now at the bott om of Lake Nasser which lead to that the Farmers have been forced to use about one million tons of artificial fertilizer as a substitute for natural nutrients that once fertilized the arid floodplain. A lot of research proved that Egyptians prefer living along the Nile River because its much easier for their life rather than living in the desert or away from the Nile River. One of the most important things is using the Nile as main source for water. Water is one of the most important things for the human body because the human body consists of 60% of water which is a very big percentage .The health of the human body cannot work properly without the proper hydrations of the body .we have to drink half of our body weight in ounce every day. The water is very important for every organ inside our body. The brain consist 85% of water, the bones consist of 35% of water, blood consist of 83% of water and the liver consist of 90% of water. This proves how much the water is so important. The first aim of every country is to raise the economical state. The economical state increase when the country make projects which come back with a lot of profits to themselves. This what the Nile should be used in Egypt to increase their economical state. There are a lot of economical projects that were made based on the Nile River. The first project that we are going to talk about is the high dam. As we said before, the high dam costs 1 billion dollar and can contain 5.97 trillion cubic feet of water. The high dam provide Egypt from south to north with high amount of electricity to run up their machine such that television, computer, lamps and their appliances. A lot of countries have problem for obtaining high amount of electricity like that in that easy way. This proves how this project which was based on the Nile is so essential now for the Egyptian and cant live without it. The second project that we are going to talk about is the Nasser Lake. The Nasser lake is one of the big gest and best artificial lakes that were made with the water of the Nile river. Tourists come all over the world to see this beautiful lake which wad handmade by Egyptian with the Nile river water. The lake is extends for 350 miles which is about 560 kilometers and is about 6 mile which is about 10 kilometer wide. Tourists come there to see the impressive variety of animals. There people can find variety of mammals, reptiles and birds. Tourist also visits this wonderful lake for fishing trip because this lake contains about 32 different fish species which is a large number. The Third Project is Tuskha Project .This Project is completed yet but if this project is completed, it is capable of converting all the desert lands in Egypt into agricultural land. The Nile played a very important role in tourism, all tourists come all over the world to the how the Nile is great and they take a cruise from north Egypt to south Egypt and visit all the beauty which is on the Nile. The Nile can be used for a very important thing which is transportation. Egypt has a very big problem which is traffic jam. This is why the government should begin to plan how to use the Nile as a very good way for transportation. The Nile can be used in transporting people from one city to another. The government can also use the Nile in trading which will be very effective and will be a very good solution for the traffic jam because most of the traffic jam is because the trucks and the big busses, so the government should put this solution in the plan because it will help in developing Egypt to the good in the future. Did you hear about the water war in the near future? It has been said that water  will be the oil of the 21st century, or liquid gold, and that it will cause wars between nations. Water will be one of the hardest thing to obtain and will be very expensive and as we said before the human body can live without proper hydration of the body. All countries are facing this future problem which is the water war and it will be a critical problem that should be right now trying to find a solution for it. Water War is seen near; on the other hand Egypt doesnt have a problem. A lot of research proved that Egypt is one of the most countries that will not be affected by this water war in the near future. But this is not a reason that Egyptian doesnt take care and protects the Nile. Egyptian has to save the Nile water and protect it from pollution. God gave us a very good thing and we have to protect it and save its water as much as possible because researches proved that more that 32% of the co nsumed water is wasted without getting used of it. So this problem also should be solved. People can see that this is a small problem but in the near future it will be a big problem and may god protect all countries from this problem because people cant live without water and this is what differ the earth from other planets. As a conclusion, No one can live without the Nile River because no one can live without water this is why Nile is like the main artery  of Egypt. The Nile is considered the only weapons that protect Egypt from the upcoming water war that will destroy a lot of countries. The Nile should be used to make project to increase Egypt economy such as the high dam, the Nasser Lake and the toshka project. We should try to get benefit of the Nile as much as possible as the ancient Egyptian was doing at their time, they knew how much the Nile is a gift from god .A lot of Egyptian doesnt know how much Nile is important to them, they used the Nile every day in an indirect way, but they dont think that all this from the Nile, so when use turn on your TV or your laptop you have to know that this is from the Nile. So what do you think, The Nile is important or not?

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive M

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive Model ABSTRACT: Environmental philosophers, policy-makers and community activists who discuss environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models of social justice. Whether the issue is treatment of animals, human health or property, wilderness and species preservation, pollution or environmental degradation, the prevailing and largely unchallenged view is that the issues of environmental justice are for the most part distributive issues. I think this wholesale framing of considerations of environmental justice solely in terms of distribution is seriously flawed. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights into the inextricable interconnections between institutions of domination and Iris Young’s work on the inadequacy of distributive models of social justice, I argue for the twofold claim that a distributive model of environmental justice is inadequate and that what is needed is an additional nondistributive model to supplement, complement and — in some cases — take precedence over a distributive model. Introduction Environmental philosophers, policy-makers, and community activists who discuss environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models of social justice: Environmental justice is about the fair or equitable distribution of environmental goods, services, and "resources." I think this wholesale framing of environmental justice issues solely or primarily in terms of distribution is seriously problematic. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights concerning the inextricable interconnections between institutions of human oppression and the domination of the natural ... ...as helped me think through my own ecofeminist worries about how issues of environmental justice have been construed. So I use what I take to be the salient features of Young’s critique to sketch both the limitations of such a model for environmental issues and the reasons for saying that what is needed is a supplementary nondistributive model. (9) See, for example, my two essays, "The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism," Environmental Ethics, Spring 1990, vol. 12 (3): 125-146, and "A Feminist Philosophical Perspective on Ecofeminist Spiritualities," in Ecofeminism and the Sacred, ed. Carol J. Adams (New York: Continuum Press, 1993): 119-132. (10) Young: 18. (11) Young: 4. (12) Anthony Weston, Toward Better Problems: New Perspectives on Abortion, Animal Rights, the Environment, and Justice (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992): 141.>