Overview of the Last Glaciation

When did the last Ice Age occur? The worlds most recent glacial period began about 110,000 years ago and ended around 12,500 years ago. The maximum extent of this glacial period was the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and it occurred around 20,000 years ago. Although the Pleistocene Epoch experienced many cycles of glacials and interglacials (the warmer periods between the colder glacial climates), the last glacial period is the most heavily studied and best-known portion of the worlds current ice age, especially with regard to North America and northern Europe. The Geography of the Last Glacial Period At the time of the LGM (map of glaciation), approximately 10 million square miles (~ 26 million square kilometers) of the earth was covered by ice. During this time, Iceland was completely covered as was much of the area south of it as far as the British Isles. In addition, northern Europe was covered as far south as Germany and Poland. In North America, all of Canada and portions of the United States were covered by ice sheets as far south as the Missouri and Ohio Rivers. The Southern Hemisphere experienced the glaciation with the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered Chile and much of Argentina and Africa and portions of the Middle East and Southeast Asia experienced significant mountain glaciation. Because the ice sheets and mountain glaciers covered so much of the world, local names have been given to the various glaciations around the  world. The Pinedale or Fraser in the North American Rocky Mountains, Greenland, the Devensian in the British Isles, the Weichsel in Northern Europe and Scandinavia, and the Antarctic glaciations are some of the names given to such areas. Wisconsin in North America is one of the more famous and well-studied, as is the Wà ¼rm glaciation of the European Alps. Glacial Climate and Sea Level The North American and European ice sheets of the last glaciation began forming after a prolonged cold stage with increased precipitation (mostly snow in this case) took place. Once the ice sheets began forming, the cold landscape altered typical weather patterns by creating their own air masses. The new weather patterns that developed reinforced the initial weather that created them, plunging the various areas into a cold glacial period. The warmer portions of the globe also experienced a change in climate due to glaciation in that most of them became cooler but drier. For example, rainforest cover in West Africa was reduced and replaced by tropical grasslands because of a lack of rain. At the same time, most of the worlds deserts expanded as they became drier. The American Southwest, Afghanistan, and Iran are exceptions to this rule however as they became wetter once a shift in their airflow patterns took place. Finally, as the last glacial period progressed leading up to the LGM, sea levels worldwide dropped as water became stored in the ice sheets covering the world’s continents. Sea levels went down about 164 feet (50 meters) in 1,000 years. These levels then stayed relatively constant until the ice sheets began to melt toward the end of the glacial period. Flora and Fauna During the last glaciation, shifts in climate altered the world’s vegetation patterns from what they had been prior to the formation of the ice sheets. However, the types of vegetation present during the glaciation are similar to those found today. Many such trees, mosses, flowering plants, insects, birds, shelled mollusks, and mammals are examples. Some mammals also went extinct around the world during this time but it is clear that they did live during the last glacial period. Mammoths, mastodons, long-horned bison, saber-toothed cats, and giant ground sloths are among these. Human history also began in the Pleistocene and we were heavily impacted by the last glaciation. Most importantly, the drop in sea level aided in our movement from Asia into North America as the landmass connecting the two areas in Alaskas Bering Strait (Beringia) surfaced to act as a bridge between the areas. Todays Remnants of the Last Glaciation Though the last glaciation ended about 12,500 years ago, remnants of this climatic episode are common around the world today. For example, increased precipitation in North Americas Great Basin area created enormous lakes (map of lakes) in a normally dry area. Lake Bonneville was one and once covered most of what is today Utah.​ The  Great Salt Lake is todays largest remaining portion of Lake Bonneville but the old shorelines of the lake can be seen on the mountains around Salt Lake City. Various landforms also exist around the world because of the enormous power of moving glaciers and ice sheets. In Canadas Manitoba for instance, numerous small lakes dot the landscape. These were formed as the moving ice sheet gouged out the land beneath it. Over time, the depressions formed filled with water creating kettle lakes. Finally, there are many glaciers still present around the world today and they are some of the most famous remnants of the last glaciation. Most ice today is located in Antarctica and Greenland but some ice is also found in Canada, Alaska, California, Asia, and New Zealand. Most impressively though are the glaciers still found in the equatorial regions like South Americas Andes Mountains and Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. Most of the worlds glaciers are famous today however for their significant retreats in recent years. Such a retreat represents a new shift in the earth’s climate—something that has happened time and time again over the earths 4.6 billion year history and will no doubt continue to do in the future.

Fate And Freewill Are Spiritual Aspects That Explain Human

Fate and freewill are spiritual aspects that explain human outcomes. The tragic story of Dr. Faustus almost divides the readers spiritual opinion on freewill and predestination. While free will and predestination may be complex themes to comprehend, Marlowe flawlessly shows how Faustus’ actions and mindset portray both aspects. Marlowe presents Faustus spiritual struggles while simultaneously explaining life and the choices people make. Humans are free to make mistakes and fully choose how their life unfolds. However, free will is greatly clouded by cause and effect (Strong 7). The play questions the constraints of free will and fate, and the ambiguous nature of both aspects (Manley 219). As Faustus opens up the play he inspects what he†¦show more content†¦Arguably, it could been seen as Faustus lacking the ability of choice because his life is predetermined. Faustus is so inconsistent with any choices he makes it is hard to believe that such a smart man could be so naive. Faustus feels people’s lives are set in stone. This is clear when he reads a verse from The New Testament: â€Å"Why, then, belike we must sin And so consequently die. Ay, we must die an everlasting death. What doctrine call you this? Che serà  , serà  ? What will be, shall be? Divinity, adieu!† (I.i.42-46) This exert clearly shows that Faustus truly believes that he does not control his life. Faustus feels that no matter what actions he does, it does not determine if he will go to heaven. Faustus thinks he is already eternally damned. Ironically he also does not read the whole verse. Instead he creates his own version of Jerome’s Bible. How could such a knowledgable man misinterpret verse? Perhaps he was destined to read it wrong to cement his belief in being predetermined. Faustus is free equally doomed by his manhood and his choices (Manley 219) As Faustus progresses over the play the reader can see that he is somewhat regretful. Briefly Faustus even contemplates being able to save himself from damnation: â€Å"Now, Faustus, must thou needs be damned? Canst thou not be saved? What boots it, then, to think on God or heaven? Away withShow MoreRelatedEssay on War and Peace and Tolstoys View of History2791 Words   |  12 Pagesin the novel reflect his theory of history, Tolstoy iterates this in less narrative terms in the twelve chapters of the Second Epilogue, described as, A general discussion on the historians study of human life, and on the difficulty of defining the forces that move nations.   The problem of freewill and necessity.   The view of history explored by Tolstoy has had few sympathisers and copious critics.   Tolstoy predicts this disagreement earlier in War and Peace in his description of the life of a

Impressionism vs. Mexican Muralism Free Essays

Impressionism vs.. Mexican Muralist As we all know, cultures and events shaped the world were being mirrored in the world of art. We will write a custom essay sample on Impressionism vs. Mexican Muralism or any similar topic only for you Order Now From Impressionism to Mexican Muralist, art has experienced lots of movements and it is easy to get confused regarding the similarities and difference between Impressionism and Mexican Muralist. In this essay, I will clear those things from two paintings: Camille Pissarro Boulevard Montmartre (Afternoon, Sunshine) and Diego River’s A Dream off Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park. The two images above are excellent examples of different styles of the Impressionism and Mexican Muralist. While the content is relatively similar, such as natural background, bright color, and even both of them depicted a scene happened in the afternoon, the feeling of the two paintings is remarkably diverse. The painting Boulevard Montmartre has a much softer edges and low-tone feel too it, compared to the stark contrast of A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park with its clear boundaries and striking use of color. Actually, besides the optical effect, Mexican muralist also aimed at conveying social and political messages to the public. Impressionism which can be noninsured as the first obviously modern movement in the art occurred from 1860 to 1890 in France, and its effects have spread well beyond Europe and eventually the United States. Its sponsors who against Academic des Beaux-Arts, which predominated the French art scene at that time, were accordingly rejected to exhibit their art works in Salon des Paris, such as works from Meant, Monet and so forth(Lana Barras Hill 119). Instead of portray likenesses that mirrored a subject in as much as detail as possible, Impressionism artists focus on natural light and intend to capture the fleeting movement in an instant time. In order to perform this effect vividly, they moved from the studio to outdoors. One of the representative works which can reflected this style is Boulevard Montmartre, a series paintings drawn by Camille Pissarro in early 1897. â€Å"Pissarro was looked upon as the father of the impressionism group, and he was the only painter to exhibit at every one of the eight Impressionist exhibitions† (Ian Barras Hill 135). Pissarro was inspired to paint outdoors. As a freer handling of brighter colors, he always applied colors softly and his talent clearly lay in the reality of nature in landscapes with figures. After spending six years painting for rural setting, he returned to Paris and rented a room at the Grand Hotel De Russia in Paris in order to have a perfect view and unusual angle of the intersection of the Montmartre Boulevard† (Anne Gray 16). Boulevard Montmartre, afternoon, sunshine is an extraordinarily energetic painting of the fourteen painting series, which displays a fasting moving and dynamic urban life in Paris during the working hours of the day. Since he is looking out the left of his bedroom window, his eyesight was falling and the vanishing point is higher. As a exult, the strong central shape of the receding boulevard, flanked by rows of trees, street-level shops and impressive apartments, dictates the open, powerful composition and high perspective. Rapid, thick brush strokes used on the sky and road draw the eye down this thoroughfare, which has crowds and heavy traffic. Like the blurred photos, figures, commissaries and omnibuses in this painting hold no discernible details. Pissarro captures a bustling movement in an instant time and just rough sketches of them. Of course, a broad pointillism is also used in many places, such on a road surface. In addition, the scene is presented with a palette of great subtlety and colors are applied side-by-side with mixing creating a vibrant atmosphere: grey, browns and whites accented with red and tiny amounts of green. Certainly, softly edges between pedestrians and background produced by Pissarro makes the color much more natural. Abbreviation depicted the subject matter imply that the Impressionism artist emphasizes on capturing the essence of the subject. Besides, Pissarro still focus on the changing natural light and weather effects, and the figures under the sunlight which contrasts the shadow, dark Cambridge and looting convey the rich atmosphere effect. Nevertheless, Mexican Muralist which prevails specifically during the ass’s and ass’s is extremely different from Impressionism. The three main and most important artists during this movement were Jose Clement Rocco, Diego Riviera, and David Alfalfa Queries, and the muralists in Mexico were interested in Aztec and Amman cultures, depicted some Mexican people and their heroes’ live and work. During the early years of the twentieth century, those three representative muralists who were influenced by the European modernist art returned to Mexico and began to paint and teach. Dorothy Chaplin 26). In contrast to Impressionism, Mexican Muralist movement is not only an artistic movement but also a social and political movement. In fact, the mural styles by Mexican Muralist artists were regarded as a teaching method, aimed at convey social and political messages to the public regardless of race and social class. Among the three Mexican muralists, Diego Riviera who were good at large wall works in fresco is the most prominent and controversial artist in Mexico. Riviera developed his own native painting style that was also social realism. Under the influence form Aztec, he was skilled in applying bold and vivid colors to paint Mexican peasant or large simplified figures. (Ivory Davies 38). River’s mural A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park which is a fifty foot fresco takes the viewer on a Sunday walk through Alameda Park. It was painted on a wall of the Hotel Paradox in 1947. Minion, an earthquake destroyed hotel, but the mural, perhaps the best known of River’s works was relocated to a new museum across the street (Renee Pamela 8). † The painter presents people and events in Mexican history from cotes, the emperor Macmillan, the revolutionaries Million Capita and Francisco Madder, to his own day’ (R Hagen 101). Portrayed in the mural are numerous historical figures, more or less from left to right, but not in chronological order. Specifically, Diego Riviera in this mural depicted as a child holding the hand of a fashionably dressed skeleton figure, the omnipresence of death in the everyday life of Mexico. The figure standing maternally beside him is his wife, who is a self- portrait artist and feminist icon in Mexico and parade around them is impervious rich and unrequited poor. Unlike the repose for capturing the transient quality of life in impressionism, River’s painting intends to present a universal political dream in Mexico and covey some social and political message to the public. As in the Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park, this is no class martyrdom and colonial tragedy. The message of Dream of Sunday is accusation of the tension of the violent matter. Besides, he also combined historical and allegorical imagery. Actually, balloons on the background represent the strife for Mexican Liberty. As previous stated, there are more than a hundred satirical figures in this mural. Unlike pedestrians with rough sketches in the Boulevard Montmartre, Riviera cataloged social types from ruler to the bottom of the society, costumes, adornments artifacts, animals, and plant. This mural is a descriptive and documentary painting, which carried to utmost limits of crowded detail and illustrative functionalism (Gilbert Chase 11). In turning away from softly edges and rough sketches which impressionism artists of their day aspired, Riviera chose a realism to convey that subject matter through this fresco. What’s more, Riviera was mastery of sense of composition, space and striking use of color. Instead of dark clothes and commissaries in Boulevard Montmartre, people from different classes wear brightly colorful costumes. Furthermore, the bright yellow and purple applied in the tree or sky stands in sharp contrast to the grey and brown sky in Boulevard Montmartre. In conclusion, River’s artistic masterpieces were a collection of many European styles. Although Mexico Muralist inspired by the painting technique of impressionism, artists during Mexican Muralist began to realize all this innovation ad little to do with real life. As a result, in order to convey political and social messages to the vast number of uneducated people, Riviera chose a traditional art form and style to present the new subject matter (Gilbert Chase 12). Got away from focusing solely on optical painting in Impressionism, Mexican Muralist artists who began to carry a clearly discernible social and political comment in their artworks creates a new era in the human art treasure. Works Cited Anne Gray. Incubi: last impressions 1907-17: National Gallery of Australia. Seep. 2009. Print. Dorothy Chaplin. How to cite Impressionism vs. Mexican Muralism, Papers

Acute Respiratory Tract Infections Biology Essay Example For Students

Acute Respiratory Tract Infections Biology Essay Acute respiratory piece of land infections play a major function in hospitalizations of kids, and respiratory syncytial virus is good recognized as the most of import pathogen doing ARTI.Objectives: This survey aimed to measure epidemiological and clinical forms of RSV infection in kids hospitalized for lower ARTI in Ahvaz, Iran. Patient and Methods: Respiratory specimens collected from 100 kids with lower ARTI from October 2008 until the terminal of April 2009, were screened for RSV utilizing real-time rearward transcription-polymerase concatenation reaction ( RT-PCR ) . Consequences: During the survey period, 9 kids had a positive consequence for RSV infection. The average age of these patients was 10 months. Bronchiolitis was the clinical diagnosing of patients with RSV infections. All of these patients were less than 24 months. Cough ( 77.7 % ) and chest wall abjuration ( 100 % ) were the taking symptoms and marks respectively.Conclusions: This survey indicates that RSV is an of import cause of respiratory tract infection in babies less than 2 old ages old. RT-PCR offers a rapid method for common respiratory viruses. Cardinal words: Children, lower respiratory tract infection, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rt-PCR. 3 1.Background Acute respiratory piece of land infections ( ARTIs ) are a prima cause of hospitalization and mortality in kids less than 5 old ages of age and stand for a considerable wellness job in the universe. ( 1 ) Viruss, including respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) , metapneumovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza and adenovirus are the most common aetiologic agents for childhood acute respiratory piece of land unwellness. ( 2 ) Among viral causes of acute respiratory piece of land infections, RSV has a important function. Human respiratory syncytial virus is an enveloped, single-stranded ; negative- sense RNA virus of the genus Pneumovirus.The extremum incidence of the RSV infections is between the 2nd and six month of age. It can do important morbidity from upper respiratory infections, acute bronchiolitis, and bronchial pneumonia to apnea in kids. ( 3, 4 ) In hospitalized kids, RSV infections occur at greater frequence than other viral infections of the lower respiratory piece of land. It is identified as the etiologic agent in 60-90 % of the patients with bronchiolitis and in 25-50 % of the pneumonia. ( 5, 6 ) In temperate states, RSV eruptions have a defined seasonality, happening chiefly autumn and winter while in tropical and semi-tropical states, it chiefly peaks during the rainy season. ( 7, 8 ) In add-on to conventional viral civilization techniques and serology, a late described advanced, polymerase concatenation reaction ( PCR ) for the diagnosing of respiratory viral infections has besides been shown to be utile because it offers an enhanced sensitiveness combined with rapid sensing. Even if certain viruses such as RSV can be grown in cell civilizations, this method is non 4 wholly dependable and many scientists have begun to utilize real-time polymerase concatenation reaction RT-PCR to place infections. ( 9,10 ) Information on the epidemiology of RSV infections in developing states are still limited. The most of these surveies have non used extremely sensitive molecular techniques such as ( RT-PCR ) . ( 11-13 ) 2.Objectives The intent of this survey was to supply informations about the sensing of RSV by RT-PCR in hospitalized kids up to age of five old ages in Ahvaz, Iran. 3.Patients and Methods The survey population consisted of kids less than 5 twelvemonth of age, admitted in the Aboozar kids s infirmary with lower respiratory tract infections ( LRTI ) . It was designed to inscribe topics from the beginning of October 2008 until the terminal of April 2009.Newborn babies less than 28 yearss were excluded.LRTI were categorized on the footing of clinical and roentgenographic findings as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis was defined as an acute respiratory unwellness characterized by rhinorrhea, cough, and dyspnoea and diffuses wheezing, with peribronchial thickener and hyperexpansion on thorax radiogram if available. Pneumonia was defined as dyspnoea in a patient with focal rattles or decreased eupneic sounds and the presence of a focal infiltrate and/ or consolidation on thorax radiograph.5 During hospitalization, the kids s marks and symptoms were obtained by a reappraisal of medical charts. This information was reviewed and entered into a database. Informed consent was Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson EssayOther surveies from Iran have showed incidences of RSV infection 12.9 % , 15 % , 16.8 % in instances of LRTI and all of these studies are from temperate parts. ( 20-22 ) The difference of RSV epidemiology in the universe may be related to differences in clime conditions, in environmental factors and in badness of its epidemics from one twelvemonth to another. ( 10 ) It has reported negative correlativities between higher monthly mean temperature and RSV infection in tropical parts. 21 Ahvaz is in the sou-west of Iran and has fall-winter seasons characterized by comparatively warm non prefering the endurance and the spreading of RSV.8 Studies have shown that some paediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection become infected at the same time with multiple respiratory viruses. Dan peng et Al suggests that there is a high happening of multipathogen infections in kids admitted withacute respiratory piece of land infections and that coinfection is associated with certain pathogens. In this survey RSV was detected in merely 5.7 % of instances. ( 23 ) In add-on, Arabpour et al reported high prevalence ( 54.4 % ) of Human metapneumovirus ( hMPV ) , among Ahvazian kids with respiratory piece of land infections. This survey showed the likely function of hMPV as an of import causative agent of acute respiratory piece of land infections in this country. ( 24 ) In our study, there was a somewhat higher incidence of RSV infection in males ( 1.3:1 ) .This consequence was consistent with other surveies. Sangar et al suggested that being female was protective against RSV hospitalization. ( 25,26 ) In this survey all of the kids that tested positive for RSV had bronchiolitis and the highest figure of positive samples for RSV is in the patients less than 1 year.This inclination toward younger age in RSV infections has been reported in other reported informations. ( 27,28 ) The clinical characteristics of kids with RSV positive samples observed in our survey were similar to those of old studies. ( 14, 15 ) There were two major restrictions in our survey. One of our restriction is though some kids presented the standards for inclusion in this survey, samples from 100 patients were collected, due to the bound established for processing and storage of samples. The 2nd restriction is we did non look into out all of the respiratory viral agents in our patients. It seems in 9 our geographic place and clime state of affairs the other viruses like hMPV have an of import function in LRTI in children.Infections with respiratory viruses are a common cause of morbidity and mortality around the universe. A better apprehension of the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections may be used for seasonably, specific antiviral therapy, prophylaxis, and inoculation. Future prospective surveillance over an drawn-out period in this part is needed to accurately place the epidemiology of viruses.

Case Study of Harley

Introduction Harley-Davidson Company has been in the motorcycle manufacturing business for decades now. The American based company was launched in Wisconsin at the start of the 20th century as a small yet promising motorcycle manufacturer. Due to its strong managerial and marketing background, Harley-Davidson outwitted the Great Depression era that witnessed many manufacturing firms going under receivership while others closing down completely.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Case Study of Harley-Davidson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unfavorable competition brought about by lack of adequate quality control of the US markets was yet another challenging moment for Harley-Davidson (Harley-Davidson, 2006). Nonetheless, it survived the harsh markets, moved on and later emerged as one of the global leaders in the manufacture of heavyweight motorcycles with over 750 cc. engine capacity. Today, Harley-Da vidson motorcycles are known globally due to their distinctive design similar to that of a chopper. Unfortunately, the firm has not been successful in its bid to venture and invest in the light motor-cycle industry largely due to dominance by other market rivals. Through its loyal brand community, the motorcycle manufacturer has spread its marketing tentacles far and wide. Its logo alone generates about five per cent of the firm’s net income. This paper explores a case study of Harley-Davidson and the strategic marketing theories and concepts used. The paper also offers some recommendations that the company could adopt to improve its marketing competences. Case Summary Customer loyalty is the strongest marketing strategy of Harley-Davidson, a phenomenon not common with most brands especially those operating in the high end manufacturing market. One reason attributed to this overwhelming success in the company’s marketing strategy is the fact the marketing department ha s laid more emphasis on the needs of customers, the latter being the most vital asset owned by the company (Harley-Davidson, 2006). Firstly, the company marketers have taken significant amounts of time to understand the ideals of Harley-Davidson customers, what they really want and how their purchasing needs and preferences can be met at any given time. For the company, it is imperative to serve its customers with passion. This entails evaluating their feelings as well as their rationale behind buying at Harley-Davidson. According to the marketing team, attention to details is paramount in understanding the needs of customers (Harley-Davidson, 2006). The management at Harley-Davidson confirms that it is out of customer satisfaction that it has grown into a five billion dollar company and the largest group sponsored by a company worldwide(Harley-Davidson, 2006). Currently, there are over nine hundred thousand members attached to Harley Owners Group (HOG).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the management admits, the company does not just sell motorcycles. Harley-Davidson believes in creating a sense of independence, free will as well as liberty to its chronic buyers so that they do not just purchase the machinery alone but the intrinsic benefits that come along with it. Hence, the motorcycle manufacturing firm has gone beyond creating product consumption experience. Buying at Harley-Davidson has become a lifestyle to its customers. Therefore, the management realizes that supporting such a high level consumption experience as well as a life style requires rigorous marketing tools. This has been attained through the establishment of a network of individuals who work smart and tireless hard to deliver the mission and vision of the company. In one of its common marketing strategies, the company often sponsors travel adventures alongside other breat htaking events for its customers and other interested users. For instance, it may occasionally opt to offer free clothing and other riding accessories for passionate motorists and other fun-loving individuals (Harley-Davidson, 2006). Application of marketing theories in the case study There are quite a number of marketing theories, concepts and models that are applicable in the Harley-Davidson case study. To begin with, it is vital to understand that the consumption experience of consumers at the company is largely driven by how best the very customers make their decisions (Gummesson, 2002). The myriad marketing principles applied by the marketing team at Harley-Davidson is clear evidence why consumers will choose their products against those of the competitors. For instance, the brand name of the company has remained to be a very strong marketing tool over the decades especially in reaching out to new customers who may not have had prior shopping experience with the company. From t he utility theory of the decision making model by consumers, it is proposed that the purchasing decisions made by consumers is heavily dependent on the anticipated outcomes of the very decisions made. In this regard, consumers are treated at actors who are rational in their decision making process and will only settle at what will bring optimum benefit and satisfaction to them. Hence, the marketers at Harley-Davidson are quite aware of this and as it is the sole reason why customers are given the first priority as real assets to the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Case Study of Harley-Davidson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, it is definite that consumers may not always be rational in decision making. Better still, they may equally fail to fully recognize the various inputs which affect their overall decision making patterns. In addition, they can fairly estimate frequencies of eve nts but the process of translating the latter into probabilities is typically cumbersome for consumers. Although the utility theory of decision making paradigm by consumers has been embraced for long, it has notable limitations that cannot be elaborated by the given marketing model. A more simpler and satisfactory backup of the utility theory is the one referred to as satisficing. According to this model, consumers tend to stop the process of decision making once their immediate needs are met. This can be used to explain the loyalty nature of customers attached to Harley-Davidson products. They no longer need to make further decisions on whether to purchase heavy motorcycles and related products from Harley-Davidson since their buying needs have already been satisfied. The marketing department at Harley-Davidson has largely utilized a marketing theory referred to as consideration. This theory has it that consumers are of equal importance to the brand name of a company. In other word s, customers act as a subset to the company upon which all decisions are made. As customers continue to attach more importance in purchasing motorcycles from Harley-Davidson, the management of the company is equally enforcing the theory f involvement. As the motorcycle manufacturing firm continues to launch new brands to the market, it has to intensely involve its active and prospected consumers. This is evident in the manner in which the company engages its customers and interested users of its products in events such as adventurous riding and contests so that they can develop liking for the Harley-Davidson motorcycles. How does Harley-Davidson build long term customer relationship? Harley-Davidson has a variety of strategies in place aimed at building long term relationships. First, the company has revolutionized its customer experience on the purchase of heavy motorcycles.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has dominated the market with the manufacture of high quality products that go along way satisfying customers (Hunt, 2002). The company has embarked on a serious quality program of its motorcycles so that it does not only retain and build long term relationships with its chronic customers but also work towards maintaining market leadership. Second, the Harley Owners Group (HOG) is another strategy being employed by the company to build long lasting consumer experience and relationship. There is a close working relationship among the HOG members aimed at fostering better customer satisfaction in the heavy motorcycle industry. Through the large pool of HOG membership numbering over 900,000, customers have been netted and retained far and wide. This has consequently assured the company of its profitability and survival even during the hard economic times. Third, Harley-Davidson has a comprehensive company sponsored adventures aimed at bringing together its customers and other fun lo ving users of its heavy duty motorcycles in field events. It is a form of social corporate responsibility that seeks to reach out for the wider population with some form of entertainment while at the same time creating demand for its motorcycles. The company also offers some clothes and other residing accessories for the users of its motorcycles as way of attracting their attention to the Harley-Davidson brand. What is Harley-Davidson’s value proposition? The value proposition of Harley-Davidson lies heavily in the way the company conducts its business strategies. Although the management of the company is confident in the quality of its motorcycles, it has a strong conviction that satisfaction derived from thorough understanding of customer’s feelings, likes and dislikes as well as preferences is long lasting and is perhaps the best business strategy to adopt. In order to achieve this value proposition, the company has created a mentality of a lifestyle in the consumpt ion of its products (Copley, 2004). It is not merely the need of customers to purchase motorcycles from Harley-Davidson, developing great liking and passion for the various company brands is of utmost importance. The company has attributed this value proposition as the major growth factor at Harley-Davidson. Relate the concept of customer equity to Harley-Davidson. How does Harley-Davidson’s strategy focus on the right relationships with the right customers? The total lifetime and markdown value of all customers attached to a given company is referred to as customer equity. In other words, customer equity will largely determine how a company shapes its strategies as part and parcel of meeting the needs of its users. In the case study of Harley-Davidson, customer equity is being driven by three main factors namely value, brand and retention equities. The utility value of Harley-Davidson motorcycles is critically assessed by the company and any necessary modification are made i n order to maintain or improve the value of their products. Besides, the Harley-Davidson brand is regularly assessed by the customers in terms of what the company claims to be offering against what is actually received. Finally, the retention equity will see into it that customers attempt to stay put with a particular brand and hence it is upon the company to comply with the needs of customers since the latter shapes the overall business strategy being adopted by the company. Hence, customer equity enables Harley-Davidson to choose the most applicable tool among the aforementioned drivers in satisfying the diverse needs of its wide array of customers. Conclusions and recommendations Although Harley-Davidson brand has remained competitive and stable even during the hard economic times, there are still numerous concerns that the management has not addressed adequately. Its value proposition currently stands at developing passion for its products. However, this may not be sustainable a s a business strategy over time owing to the changing and unpredictable customer preferences in addition to the entrance of other market players. Indeed, the company’s bid to venture in light motorcycles has not been successful so far since the old strategies may not be productive in a market where competition is rife. It is against this backdrop that the following recommendations have been suggested as way out for Harley-Davidson to remain profitable even as it expands its brand portfolio. To begin with, the management at Harley-Davidson should ensure that customer satisfaction is not just driven by passion per se. the price of its motorcycles as well as the availability of its brands should be satisfactory to its consumers (Roth Mullen,1991). It is a basic requirement in a business strategy that Harley-Davidson cannot ignore. Secondly, the company can differentiate itself from other market rivals by creating superior service levels to its products. Customers must be able t o distinguish between the services offered by Harley-Davidson and market players. For instance, response to queries from customers should be fast enough. In addition, improved delivery and other after-sale services should stand out for Harley-Davidson to boost competitiveness. Finally, variety of customer experience strategies should be applied throughout the lifetime of the company (Gilmore, 2003). For example, both existing and prospective customers should be educated on how to make better buying decisions. It is pertinent for customers to be fully aware of the product knowledge and not merely making it a lifestyle. Customers who have the right knowledge of the products they are willing to buy are more likely to remain loyal for long. References Copley, P. (2004). Marketing communications management: concepts and theories,  cases and practices, Burlington: Elsevier Inc. Gilmore, A. (2003). Services marketing and management, London: Sage Publications. Gummesson, E. (2002). Total relationship marketing, Oxford: Elsevier Science. Harley-Davidson (2006). Video Case. Web. Hunt, D.S. (2002). Foundations of marketing theory: toward a general theory of  marketing, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Roth, M.B. Mullen, D.J. (1991). Decision Making: Its Logic and Practice, Savage: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc. This research paper on Case Study of Harley-Davidson was written and submitted by user Maxx Serrano to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction

Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction Research shows that one of the most effective ways to meet all learners needs is to differentiate instruction. Many teachers use differentiated instruction strategies because it allows them to engage their students by accommodating each students unique learning style. However, when you have a large group of students, it can be tough to keep up with each child’s individual needs. It takes time to come up with, and implement differentiated activities.  To help keep the workload manageable, teachers have tried a variety of strategies, from tiered assignments to choice boards. Here are a few more teacher-tested teaching strategies to differentiate instruction in your elementary classroom.   Choice Board Choice boards are activities that give students options as to what activities to complete to meet class requirements. A great example of this comes from a third-grade teacher named Mrs. West. Mrs. West uses choice boards with her third-grade students because she feels it is the easiest way to differentiate instruction while keeping her students engaged. While choice boards can be set up in a variety of ways (student interest, ability, learning style, etc.) Mrs. West chooses to set up her choice boards by using the Multiple Intelligence Theory. She sets up the choice board like a tic tac toe board- in each box she writes a different activity and asks her students to choose one activity from each row. The activities vary in content, product, and process. Here is an example of the types of tasks she uses on her students choice board. Choice Board for Multiple Intelligences: Verbal/Linguistic – Write instructions on how to use your favorite gadget.Logical/Mathematical – Design a map of your bedroom.Visual/Spatial –   Create a comic strip.Interpersonal-   Interview a friend or your best friend.Free ChoiceBody-Kinesthetic - Make up a game.Musical – Write a song.Naturalist – Conduct an experiment.Intrapersonal – Write about the future. Learning Menu Learning menus are much like choice boards whereas students have the opportunity to choose which tasks on the menu that they would like to complete. However, the learning menu is unique in that it actually takes the form of a menu. Instead of having a nine square grid with nine unique choices on it, the menu can have an unlimited amount of choices for the students to choose from. You can also set up your menu in a variety of ways, as mentioned above. Here is an example of a spelling homework learning menu: Learning Menu for Homework: (Students choose one from each category)Appetizer - Sort spelling words into categories, choose three spelling words to define, highlight all vowels.Entree - Use all spelling words to write a story, write a poem using five spelling words, write a sentence for each spelling word.Dessert - Write your spelling words in ABC order, Create a word search using at least five words, use a mirror to write your spelling words backward.   Tiered Activities In a tiered activity, all students are working on the same activity, but the activity is differentiated according to ability level. A great example of this type of tiered strategy is in an elementary school classroom where kindergartners are at the reading center.   An easy way to differentiate learning without the students even knowing it  is to have the students play the game, Memory. This game is easy to differentiate because you can have beginning students try to match a letter with its sound, while the more advanced students can try and match a letter to a word. To differentiate this station, all you have to do is have different bags of cards for each level, and direct specific students to which cards they should choose from. To make differentiation invisible, color-code the bags and tell each student which color he/she should choose. Another example of tiered activities is to break the assignment into three sections using varied levels of tasks. Here is an example of a basic tiered activity: Tier One: (Low) - Describe how the character acts.Tier Two: (Middle) - Describe the changes the character went through.Tier Three: (High) - Describe the clues that the author gives about the character. Many elementary school teachers find that this differentiated instructional strategy is an effective way for students to reach the same goals while taking into account each of their students’ individual needs. Adjusting Questions Many teachers find that an effective questioning strategy is to use adjusted questions to help them differentiate instruction in their classroom. The way this strategy works is simple- you use Blooms Taxonomy to develop questions starting with the most basic level, then moving towards the more advanced levels. Students at varying levels are able to answer questions on the same topic, but also at their own level. Here is an example of how teachers can use adjusted questing to differentiate an activity: For this example, the students had to read a paragraph, then answer a question that was tiered to their level. Basic learner - Describe what happened after...Advanced learner - Can you explain why...More Advanced learner - Do you know of another situation where... Flexible Grouping Many teachers who differentiate instruction in their classroom find flexible grouping an effective method of differentiation because it provides students with the opportunity to work with other students who may have a similar learning style, readiness, or interest as them. Depending on the purpose of the lesson, teachers can plan their activities based on a students’ attributes, then use flexible grouping to group students accordingly. The key to making flexible grouping effective is making sure the groups are not static. Its important that teachers continually conduct assessments throughout the year, and move students among the groups as they master their skills. Often time’s teachers tend to group students according to their ability at the beginning of the school year, and then forget to change the groups, or do not think they need to. This is not an effective strategy and will only hinder students from progressing. The Jigsaw The Jigsaw cooperative learning strategy is another effective method to differentiate instruction. In order for this strategy to be effective, students must work together with their classmates to complete an assignment. Heres how to works: Students are divided into small groups and each student is assigned one task. This is where the differentiation comes in- each child within the group is responsible for learning one thing, then bringing the information that they learned back to their group to teach their peers. The teacher can differentiate learning by choosing what, and how, each student in the group will learn the information. Here is an example of what a Jigsaw learning group looks like. Example of a Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Group: Students are divided into groups of five students. Their task is to research Rosa Parks. Each student within the group is given a task that suits their unique learning style. Here is an example. Student 1: Create a fake interview with Rosa Parks and find out about her early life.Student 2: Create a song about the Montgomery bus boycott.Student 3: Write a journal entry about Rosa Parks life as a civil rights pioneer.Student 4: Create a game that tells facts about racial discrimination.Student 5: Create a poster about Rosa Parks legacy and death. In todays elementary schools, classrooms are not taught with a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. Differentiated instruction allows for teachers to meet the needs of all learners, while still maintaining high standards and expectations for their students. Whenever you teach a concept in a variety of different modalities, you increase the chances that you will reach each and every student.

Philosophy business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy business ethics - Essay Example He has to take some initiative to spare his company from grave losses. First of all, I argue that if habitual drug use was the main cause of the declining profit, Mr. Bowie has the right to defend his company by conducting the drug test. As the leader of a company, Mr. Bowie has to fulfill his duty and responsibility to ensure the safety of the company to satisfy the stockholders. It is natural for him to feel so dejected about his company’s future, since he has struggled a lot for the betterment of the company’s productivity. Still, bad performance began to be displayed by his employees due to lack of professionalism and loyalty for the last fifteen years. Finally, he discovered that the root cause of all the mishaps is that most of the employees relied on drugs. Now, when he is finally familiar with the root cause of the problem and the effective results implemented by the strategy of drug testing, he unequivocally has the right to use the drug test and it is even his job to do so, because if he goes on ignoring the method, it would mea n that he is not fulfilling his duty as the chief manager of the company. The strategy that is to be discussed presently and which I support, is â€Å"drug testing†, that includes having an employee tested for their urine in the presence of two other persons of the same sex in the same room. Now, this idea of having the urine tested explicitly in front of two other persons, no matter if they may be of the same sex, can very potently appear to be extremely humiliating and embarrassing for any employee, and that is the major reason why people stand up against this method. That does not mean this strategy should be eradicated or banned completely. I, personally, believe this to be profoundly vital for the long-term success of any company because sometimes, the very threat of drug testing can work miracles. This threat is especially functional when it is effectively used at the time of employing new persons as

Philosophy ( Against Bioethics) by jonathan baron Essay

Philosophy ( Against Bioethics) by jonathan baron - Essay Example This essay will explore the meaning of QALY in bioethics. A QALY is an initial of the terms quality-adjusted life year. It refers to a measure of health outcome values and includes quality and quantity of life lived. QALYs measure an individual’s expected life years in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. To determine the value of QALY, one multiplies the utility value associated with a state of health by the number of years the individual lives in that state. The calculations involved in finding out how QALYs are measured are as explained below. QALYs were first introduced by the researchers and decision analysts in the United States of America. Quality-adjusted life year is used in assessing the monetary value of a medical intervention. This model is based on the life period that would be added in the intervention. Yearly, if an individual is in perfect health, they earn a value of 1.0 up to 0.0 for death. However, in cases where the patient incurs some unhealthy conditions that may be long lasting, then a value of between 0(years) and 1(year) is assigned to account for the unhealthy condition. Some of the conditions may even include blindness and physical challenges to the body which may even lead to individuals using wheel-chairs. Baron argues that applied bioethics lacks the element of a coherent theory, and for this fact; it is largely based on judgments that are intuitive. He continually proposes the fact that bioethics could have a coherent theory based on decision analysis and utilitarianism. The utilitarianism factor defines the best option as the one that gives the best output. Such a theory makes bioethics yield the best results in relation to the people involved. Furthermore, Baron argues that the recent practices involved in bioethics should be avoided. He also notes that with the combination of utilitarianism and decision analysis, bioethics can achieve most out of it by

A reflection on the care of a critically ill patient Essay

A reflection on the care of a critically ill patient - Essay Example Physicians are expected to make proper clinical assessments to determine whether failures are reversible or irreversible to determine the kind of decision to make. Such assessments are useful on determining whether to withdraw treatment, the kind of therapy to apply and many others. There are a lot of controversies that surround the aspects of managing MOF. This is due to the reason that there is no known treatment cause to be taken on patients with the complication. The field lacks proper research and controlled studies that will aid in giving proper care. Instead, the current methodologies in the treatment and care of MOF patients suggest the application of different immunotherapy patients which are often full of mistakes and inapplicable in some cases. Many players in this field also rely on information from laboratories and at times, many have accepted the use of unproved interventions to control the complication. Further, the field of MOF management lacks definitive diagnostic p recisions and this has been a major discouraging factor (Jevon $ Ewens 2007). All the above problems experienced in this field greatly contribute to the current lack of principled and well-defined rules to follow during patient management. This has made it difficult for physicians to realize what should happen when certain situations come up. This is one of the problems that one can identify when working with others in the area. Mostly, individuals apply what they think is right at certain times and expects families to consent to their determinations. Further, complications such as systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunctions (MOD) presents complications that are difficult to identify and this has further worsened the situation in ICUs dealing with critically ill patients (Jevon $ Ewens 2007). Despite the above challenges, there have been multiple developments made concerning the issue of MOF. Further research has been able to make progress in det ermining the physiology of SIRS; the leading cause of multiple organ failure. Major pathophysiological mechanisms that are within the inflammatory conditions of MOF have been developed with better definitions of sepsis, SIRS and MODS. Health practitioners have made progress in ensuring the prevention of organ failure by ensuring optimum circulation and faster correction of hypoxia of tissues experienced by patients in high-risks. All these developments have been important in ensuring effective care to the patient. Application of the knowledge from the pathophysiology of SIRS, sepsis and MODS helps in the determination of the best methods as regards the care of patients. This paper will reflect on the self experience of taking care of a patient with a multiple organ failure. It will define the best methodologies for application under certain situations that can complicate the process of care to the patient. My experience as regards this issue is of a 57-yr old man who was found colla psed by his wife. Examination of the man recorded some existence of SIRS, the main observation being spontaneous breathing. Initial management was immediate intubation within the ambulance fifteen minutes after the arrival. He was admitted on hospital where a follow up of examinations were done to ascertain the cause and extent of the complication. A scan of the head was done which showed normal functioning at first instances. However, extensive coronary calcification was noted on the

The Importance Of The Nile River Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of The Nile River Environmental Sciences Essay Everyone has certain things they struggle with, and we are always willing to lend an ear to anyone who might help us resolve one of those struggles and find the best solutions for these Struggles. No one can live without water; this is why Nile is like the main artery  of Egypt. The Nile is considered the only weapons that protect Egypt from the upcoming water war that will destroy a lot of countries. Egypt would be almost all barren deserts without the Nile. This Paper is an attempt to prove that the Nile is one of the most important things that Egypt cant live without, by studying how ancient Egyptians used it to make their great history, how Egyptians now are greatly affected by the Nile and that without it Egypt will die. No one can deny that the Nile was so important to the pharaohs in their daily life. The pharaohs was so smart , they used the Nile so good to help them in their life. The pharaohs used the Nile for agriculture. The pharaoh got all the rich peasants to do the farm work on the rich lands. Most of the ancient villagers were farmers. Farmers lived in towns too with craft workers, traders and other workers and their families. Egyptians grew several crops such as wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines. The most important crop at this time was grain. The pharos used grain to make bread, porridge and beer. The Grain was the first crop they grew after  flooding season. Once grain was harvested, they grew vegetables such as onions, cabbages, beans, cucumbers and lettuce .Farmers planted fruit, trees along paths, to give shade as well as fruit. The Egyptians grew their crops along the banks of the River Nile on the rich black soil which was considered one of the best soils for agriculture in the world. This rich soil was left behind after the yearly floods. This soil was ideal to grow healthy crops. Egyptian farmers divided their year into three seasons, based on the cycles of the Nile: Akhet  which starts in June and ends in September and called also The Flooding Season. Farming was not done at this time, as all the fields were flooded. Instead, many farmers worked for the pharaoh, building pyramids or temples. Some of the time was spent mending their tools and looking for animals. Peret which starts in October and ends in February and called also The Growing Season.  In October, the floodwaters receded, leaving behind a layer of black soil. Shemu  which starts in March and ends in May and called also The Harvesting Season.  The fully grown crops had to be harvested and removed before the Nile is flooded again. It was also the time to repair the canals to be ready for the next flood. Every June in the year, the Nile flooded. This was kn own the flooding season. During this time the farmers mend tools or make new ones. People would go fishing for extra food or money. To lift the water from the Nile they used a  shaduf. A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other end. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the Nile River. The farmers then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He then swings the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field. Nowadays Egyptian are sticking to the Nile from ancient Egyptians to modern Egypt which prove how living beside the Nile is important and living beside the Nile make life easier. A question that a lot of people dont know its answer, Why the Nile River Flood? .Rains in Africa, especially rains coming from the Ethiopian Highlands, and melting snow caused the Nile River to flood. The Ancient Egyptians used something called nilometer to record how high the Nile was during the year. In May the Nile River is at the lowest point as it will be all year long. From June to August the Nile River rises rapidly. In the middle of September the river is at the peak. By the time October, the Niles water level begins to decrease again. The Ancient Egyptians held a big festival every year for the Nile River because they thought that the Nile River flooded because Isis which was an Egyptian goddess. They also offered a  human  sacrifice for the Nile River. The flood still continues every year. The annual flood carries dead and decaying plants in its muddy solution. The  muddy water  is called silt, and silt creates excellent farm soil.  Since 1970, the  Aswan Dam  has controlled the annual flood of the Nile River by holding back water, the Aswan Dam created the worlds largest man-made lake: Lake Nasser. The water from Lake Nasser provided new fishing areas and provides much needed water for agriculture. Since the Nile was so important in old Egyptian history, so its for sure that the Nile importance increased now much more .One of the most important thing that Egypt gets benefit due to the Nile is the High Dam. The high dam is located in Aswan. It was completed in 1970. It cost was one billion dollar; its capacity is 5.97 trillion cubic feet. It was built to control the flood and to obtain from it hydroelectric power and it is also used in irrigation. The Aswan High Dam captures water flood during rain seasons and releases the water during times of drought. The dam also generates enormous amounts of electric power more than 10 billion kilowatt every year. Thats enough electricity to power one million color televisions for 20 years continuously. Unfortunately, the dam has also several negative side effects. In order to build the dam, Egyptian peasants had to move. To make matters worse, the rich silt that normally fertilized the dry desert land during annual floods is now at the bott om of Lake Nasser which lead to that the Farmers have been forced to use about one million tons of artificial fertilizer as a substitute for natural nutrients that once fertilized the arid floodplain. A lot of research proved that Egyptians prefer living along the Nile River because its much easier for their life rather than living in the desert or away from the Nile River. One of the most important things is using the Nile as main source for water. Water is one of the most important things for the human body because the human body consists of 60% of water which is a very big percentage .The health of the human body cannot work properly without the proper hydrations of the body .we have to drink half of our body weight in ounce every day. The water is very important for every organ inside our body. The brain consist 85% of water, the bones consist of 35% of water, blood consist of 83% of water and the liver consist of 90% of water. This proves how much the water is so important. The first aim of every country is to raise the economical state. The economical state increase when the country make projects which come back with a lot of profits to themselves. This what the Nile should be used in Egypt to increase their economical state. There are a lot of economical projects that were made based on the Nile River. The first project that we are going to talk about is the high dam. As we said before, the high dam costs 1 billion dollar and can contain 5.97 trillion cubic feet of water. The high dam provide Egypt from south to north with high amount of electricity to run up their machine such that television, computer, lamps and their appliances. A lot of countries have problem for obtaining high amount of electricity like that in that easy way. This proves how this project which was based on the Nile is so essential now for the Egyptian and cant live without it. The second project that we are going to talk about is the Nasser Lake. The Nasser lake is one of the big gest and best artificial lakes that were made with the water of the Nile river. Tourists come all over the world to see this beautiful lake which wad handmade by Egyptian with the Nile river water. The lake is extends for 350 miles which is about 560 kilometers and is about 6 mile which is about 10 kilometer wide. Tourists come there to see the impressive variety of animals. There people can find variety of mammals, reptiles and birds. Tourist also visits this wonderful lake for fishing trip because this lake contains about 32 different fish species which is a large number. The Third Project is Tuskha Project .This Project is completed yet but if this project is completed, it is capable of converting all the desert lands in Egypt into agricultural land. The Nile played a very important role in tourism, all tourists come all over the world to the how the Nile is great and they take a cruise from north Egypt to south Egypt and visit all the beauty which is on the Nile. The Nile can be used for a very important thing which is transportation. Egypt has a very big problem which is traffic jam. This is why the government should begin to plan how to use the Nile as a very good way for transportation. The Nile can be used in transporting people from one city to another. The government can also use the Nile in trading which will be very effective and will be a very good solution for the traffic jam because most of the traffic jam is because the trucks and the big busses, so the government should put this solution in the plan because it will help in developing Egypt to the good in the future. Did you hear about the water war in the near future? It has been said that water  will be the oil of the 21st century, or liquid gold, and that it will cause wars between nations. Water will be one of the hardest thing to obtain and will be very expensive and as we said before the human body can live without proper hydration of the body. All countries are facing this future problem which is the water war and it will be a critical problem that should be right now trying to find a solution for it. Water War is seen near; on the other hand Egypt doesnt have a problem. A lot of research proved that Egypt is one of the most countries that will not be affected by this water war in the near future. But this is not a reason that Egyptian doesnt take care and protects the Nile. Egyptian has to save the Nile water and protect it from pollution. God gave us a very good thing and we have to protect it and save its water as much as possible because researches proved that more that 32% of the co nsumed water is wasted without getting used of it. So this problem also should be solved. People can see that this is a small problem but in the near future it will be a big problem and may god protect all countries from this problem because people cant live without water and this is what differ the earth from other planets. As a conclusion, No one can live without the Nile River because no one can live without water this is why Nile is like the main artery  of Egypt. The Nile is considered the only weapons that protect Egypt from the upcoming water war that will destroy a lot of countries. The Nile should be used to make project to increase Egypt economy such as the high dam, the Nasser Lake and the toshka project. We should try to get benefit of the Nile as much as possible as the ancient Egyptian was doing at their time, they knew how much the Nile is a gift from god .A lot of Egyptian doesnt know how much Nile is important to them, they used the Nile every day in an indirect way, but they dont think that all this from the Nile, so when use turn on your TV or your laptop you have to know that this is from the Nile. So what do you think, The Nile is important or not?

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive M

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive Model ABSTRACT: Environmental philosophers, policy-makers and community activists who discuss environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models of social justice. Whether the issue is treatment of animals, human health or property, wilderness and species preservation, pollution or environmental degradation, the prevailing and largely unchallenged view is that the issues of environmental justice are for the most part distributive issues. I think this wholesale framing of considerations of environmental justice solely in terms of distribution is seriously flawed. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights into the inextricable interconnections between institutions of domination and Iris Young’s work on the inadequacy of distributive models of social justice, I argue for the twofold claim that a distributive model of environmental justice is inadequate and that what is needed is an additional nondistributive model to supplement, complement and — in some cases — take precedence over a distributive model. Introduction Environmental philosophers, policy-makers, and community activists who discuss environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models of social justice: Environmental justice is about the fair or equitable distribution of environmental goods, services, and "resources." I think this wholesale framing of environmental justice issues solely or primarily in terms of distribution is seriously problematic. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights concerning the inextricable interconnections between institutions of human oppression and the domination of the natural ... ...as helped me think through my own ecofeminist worries about how issues of environmental justice have been construed. So I use what I take to be the salient features of Young’s critique to sketch both the limitations of such a model for environmental issues and the reasons for saying that what is needed is a supplementary nondistributive model. (9) See, for example, my two essays, "The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism," Environmental Ethics, Spring 1990, vol. 12 (3): 125-146, and "A Feminist Philosophical Perspective on Ecofeminist Spiritualities," in Ecofeminism and the Sacred, ed. Carol J. Adams (New York: Continuum Press, 1993): 119-132. (10) Young: 18. (11) Young: 4. (12) Anthony Weston, Toward Better Problems: New Perspectives on Abortion, Animal Rights, the Environment, and Justice (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992): 141.>

Changing Teaching Styles Over Time Education Essay

The article by Andrew C Porter and Jere Brophy ( 1988 ) published by the Institute for Research on Teaching analyzes the alterations in learning manner over the recent old ages and compared them with what happens now a twenty-four hours. In recent old ages we have witnessed that there has been a great addition in the esteem of good instruction to non merely the effectivity of schooling but besides on the function of research on learning which would assist in the development of a cognition base to inform the instruction profession about the altering tendencies. In the past old ages the policy shapers and bookmans merely concentrated on the educational equity instead than on the upgrading of the quality of learning profession. Today it is being seen that educational reform leaders states that we have to presume new powers and duties in order to redesign schools for the hereafter and fix knowing instructors. Different orientations to learning are besides being discussed in this article that reflect the different ends that instructors hold about their direction merely needed to explicate the difference among the instruction effectivity. There is no 1 to one relationship between instructor ‘s ends and results, effectivity can merely be measured through the topic cognition, teaching method and pupil ratings. Some of the major features of a instructor are being discussed. They promote larning through pass oning with their pupils ; they provide their pupils with those schemes that are good for them in monitoring and bettering their ain acquisition attempts with the aid of different acquisition activities. They non merely cognize their topic in deepness but besides seek to get the better of the myocardial infarction leadings that pupil bring to category in relation to their topic. Richard M. Felder and Rebecca Brent ( 1999 ) conducted a research paper that majorly focused on the cardinal footings like the Total Quality Management, effectual Institutional Teaching Improvement Program, and Assessment and Evaluation of Teaching Quality. It chiefly discusses the application of the Total Quality Management in the higher instruction that tends to better the instruction quality. First, the research examines the quality of direction at single footing. Second, so after wards a more complex attack of analysing that how an academic organisation improves the quality of its instructional plan. In the visible radiation of both the person every bit good as the organisational degree taking into history the cultural differences it is besides mentioned that how the quality direction contributes in the betterment of instruction. Timothy J. Gallagher ( 2000 ) , in the article â€Å" Embracing Student Evaluations of Teaching † elaborates the pupil rating as of import standards in mensurating learning effectivity. This affects the quality of learning as a whole. A valid and dependable pupil rating is proven to be an accurate index of mensurating learning effectivity. It can be either measured globally, that is the overall instruction manner. Evaluation can besides be based on specific footings like lucidity, context, account etc. The theory that is discussed in this article tells us that the teacher rating should be utile in nature. For this to be implemented it must be conducted in a civilization that supports the instruction betterment. Chambers, Catherine M. ; Chambers, Paul E ( 2004 ) , in the article named â€Å" Teaching Quality, research and term of office † focal points on the quality of learning. Teaching quality is affected by scholarship and pedagogical preparation. In the context of the entire quality direction model the interaction of instruction and scholarship is being investigated. A strong inducement is being portrayed towards the presentation of learning proficiencies and the research being published. Two of the major constituents of a good instructor are being discussed in this article. They are the schoolroom presentation and content of the class that is delivered. Research is considered as an of import activity to better the human capital that is besides an of import constituent. It helps in the betterment of module ‘s quality of instruction. Ronald A. Berk ( 2005 ) , in the article that was published in the International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education discusses the 12 schemes that are used to mensurate learning effectivity. Teaching effectivity is being measured through different positions like pupil evaluations, self-evaluation, pictures, pupil interviews, alumni evaluations, and employee evaluations, decision maker evaluations, learning scholarships, learning awards, larning outcome step and instruction portfolios. It besides highlights the importance of learning effectivity as it is used for doing major determinations that are formative and summational in nature. They fundamentally focus on bettering and determining the quality of instruction every bit good as the overall performance/status of instructors. The article published in the International Journal of Educational Development by J. Barrs ( 2005 ) , emphasizes on two of import points that are the deductions of the quality of instruction and the factors that contribute to the motive of instructors in rural Punjab. These are besides considered as the of import footings being used to analyse the impact on instructor ‘s public presentation. The research that is carried throughout this article concludes that the impact of local administration has shown a positive consequence on non merely instructor ‘s degree of motive but besides their position. Teacher ‘s attending and their followers of contractual duties have improved through the execution of better answerability and monitoring techniques. Eric A Hanushek and Steven G Rivkin ( 2007 ) researched that how the variables like wage and working conditions have impacted the quality of learning. The writers have come up with the decisions that how salary and work environment affect the quality of schoolroom direction. It is besides being discussed that how quality of learning if affected when instructors move from one school to another. This factor besides has a really deep impact on the accomplishment of pupils. Wages and pupil features are besides examined because it affects learning quality every bit good as the pupil accomplishment. It besides explains that how the fluctuations in the wages and working conditions are impacting the different communities that are the urban, rural, and suburban. It besides gives us the thought that how the tendencies are altering in context with the wages. Working conditions does non alter every bit often as the wages do. While sing policies related to learning wages should be taken as a benc hmark as it provides a good step of alterations that take topographic point in the instructor ‘s quality. A broader decision is that salary additions are considered as both expensive and uneffective factors while covering with the quality of instruction. Tony Yeigh ( 2008 ) , in his paper that was published in the Australian Journal of Teacher Education negotiations about the importance of learning accomplishments that are required for efficient instruction. He besides discusses that these accomplishments need to be upgraded and necessitate development and shining. It is besides highlighted that how these accomplishments impact the acquisition. The theoretical account that is mentioned in this paper is non merely good for the pupils but besides for the instructors. It helps in bettering the pupils larning results and besides the professional acquisition of the instructors. It loosely talks about the three dimensions of quality instruction. The quality of instruction is explained through the dimensions of rational quality, quality acquisition environment and in conclusion the significance. The paper besides throws some visible radiation on some of the of import features of a good instructor. It besides focuses on the professional acqu isition procedures, along with the fact that how these processes farther on aid us in accomplishing the instruction quality that we are seeking to pull out. Shuhong Wen ( 2008 ) , in the research paper focuses on the Evaluation Indicator for learning Quality of college instructors. It besides discusses the endowments that are at that place at the high degree, high devising and invention ability that are considered to be the undertaking of the higher instruction. The degree of quality of learning determines the degree of the endowments that are being cultivated and influences the being and development of colleges. If the rating is carried out efficaciously it may bring forth right counsel and inducement map, trigger the enthusiasm rate of instructors towards their profession, and better the instruction methods and contents that finally raise the quality of learning. It besides reflects the major maps of the index system, and how it with its measure by measure attack helps in the rating of learning quality.

Free Essays on Americas Changing Families

America's Changing Families Time and time again, we hear people talking about the eroding American family. From politicians to religious leaders, we hear that we need to return to â€Å"Traditional Family Values.† So what are these â€Å"Traditional Family Values,† and what happened to them? The 1950s are quite frequently used as the perfect example of a time with these â€Å"Traditional Family Values,† but history tells us that is not the case. According to Stephanie Coontz (Post, Lawrence, & Weber, 2001), there are large numbers of people, who tell stories of tormented childhoods in alcoholic, abusive or conflict ridden families. These people can’t understand why anyone would regret the passing of the 1950s, while there are others who are grateful they were unaware of their parent’s problems. This latter sheltered group of people are grateful for whatever kept their family together, and they are also thankful the media did not expose them to many of the adult realities that today’s children see or read about. Stephanie suggests the way to get past these polarized viewpoints, is to put their strengths and weaknesses into historical perspective. I believe it is easy to look backwards in time, and to forget the bad things that occurred, and to remember the good things, possibly better than they were. Instead of saying we should go back to â€Å"Traditional Family Values†, I feel we should discuss how we can improve life for today’s busy and diverse families. The most often discussed value from the 1950s, has to be that some believe the woman’s place is in the home. A large percentage of households had a stay at home mom, with a dad as the breadwinner. This is where many people get the idea, that the lack of traditional values in modern society, is a result of women in the workforce. According to Stephanie Coontz (Post, Lawrence, & Weber, 2001), historically, productive work by mothers, fathers and by young people ha... Free Essays on Americas Changing Families Free Essays on Americas Changing Families America's Changing Families Time and time again, we hear people talking about the eroding American family. From politicians to religious leaders, we hear that we need to return to â€Å"Traditional Family Values.† So what are these â€Å"Traditional Family Values,† and what happened to them? The 1950s are quite frequently used as the perfect example of a time with these â€Å"Traditional Family Values,† but history tells us that is not the case. According to Stephanie Coontz (Post, Lawrence, & Weber, 2001), there are large numbers of people, who tell stories of tormented childhoods in alcoholic, abusive or conflict ridden families. These people can’t understand why anyone would regret the passing of the 1950s, while there are others who are grateful they were unaware of their parent’s problems. This latter sheltered group of people are grateful for whatever kept their family together, and they are also thankful the media did not expose them to many of the adult realities that today’s children see or read about. Stephanie suggests the way to get past these polarized viewpoints, is to put their strengths and weaknesses into historical perspective. I believe it is easy to look backwards in time, and to forget the bad things that occurred, and to remember the good things, possibly better than they were. Instead of saying we should go back to â€Å"Traditional Family Values†, I feel we should discuss how we can improve life for today’s busy and diverse families. The most often discussed value from the 1950s, has to be that some believe the woman’s place is in the home. A large percentage of households had a stay at home mom, with a dad as the breadwinner. This is where many people get the idea, that the lack of traditional values in modern society, is a result of women in the workforce. According to Stephanie Coontz (Post, Lawrence, & Weber, 2001), historically, productive work by mothers, fathers and by young people ha...

The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essays

The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essays The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essay The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essay Over the last few years Kenya has continuously sought to improve the educational system for its students. The National Assessment System (NAS) is an integral system of determining quality assurance in Education. It involves the monitoring of learning achievements of students to assess the quality of education. It is also a systematic evaluation of student learning achievement across the Country. The analytical results are used by policy makers and practitioners to inform the education quality reform process.With data that is comparable across various regions of the Country and over time, policy makers and stakeholders can identify gaps and bring about improvements in the curriculum, teaching and classroom support practices, as well as in the development of learning aids. Kenya’s National Assessment is currently set up as follows: 1. Standard One – Standard Eight : Kenya Certificate of Primary Education 2. Form One – Form 4: Kenya Certifica te of Secondary Education 3. College/University: Various degree examinationsNAS can be divided into six groups namely, Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) , Primary level ( 8. 4. 4),Secondary Level (8. 4. 4), Tertiary Level, University Level and work world. The education system is facing a major crisis at the secondary and university level. Currently there is a task force on the realignment of the current education system with the new constitution in the bid to assist this problem NAS at the Secondary level focuses on the cognitive (or knowledge) domain.Students learn several subjects divided into categories, languages, humanities, sciences and technical subjects. Article 11 (ii) (a) of the constitution states that the curriculum should promote Science and Indigenous Technologies therefore students learn subjects such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Agriculture. The KCSE exam is taken by pupils in all public and private schools and by candidates who undertake private stu dy including prisoners. Every person has a right to education (Article 43).A candidate must take at least two of three science subjects and only a maximum of two humanities subjects. KCSE does not test in the affection domain, except, perhaps subjects in the ethics and religious studies which focus on knowledge rather than character formation. The psychomotor domain is also not covered, except, perhaps practical subjects like Physics, Agriculture, Home Science and Chemistry but again, the assessment focuses on knowledge as there is limited time and scope to assess lifelong skills and know how.Performance in KCSE largely determines progression to university and the profession or occupation in the world of work. In addition there is NAS at the university level. Public university assessments and exams are governed by the senate regulations under the University Act regulating each of the seven public universities. Senates have donated some powers to College Academic Boards (CABs) and sc hool or Faculty Academic Boards.Private university exams and assessments are managed by the respective senates, but subject to the Commission for Higher Education (CHE) under the Universities Act. Oversight on the curriculum (and perhaps the exam process) is increasingly being exercised by accreditation agencies and the relevant professional associations like the Kenya Medical and Dental Practitioners Board and the Kenya Medical Association or the Kenya Dentists Association, respectively. University exams at the undergraduate level are largely summative and still focus on the cognitive (or knowledge) domain.The affective and psychomotor domains are still not (sufficiently) assessed, tested or examined There have been concerns that University Education has now become a commercial venture so that many universities are beginning courses without much emphasis on quality but focusing rather on the profits they can make. Though the CHE has set up mechanisms to ensure that quality educatio n is provided in institutions of higher learning the follow up is not consistent and it is difficult to evaluate the teaching process.As a result many Universities are releasing students that are not quite ready to face the job market as the emphasis is not ensuring students are achieving the learning objectives but that the students are paying for the education. As more Universities offer similar courses it is important that a uniform assessment system is adapted to ensures that students do not leave school half baked but are ready to enter the job market. At the end of the day assessment should support learning as well as measure it.

Romantic Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Romantic Era - Essay Example A number of European society’s aspects transformed the romantic era in different ways. For instance, in romantics â€Å"nature† meant many things. It was perceived as a source of image and subject, as healing power, as an artificial form of civilization (Geoffrey, 2004). Romanticism gave a lot of emphasis in accurate description of natural phenomena and capturing of â€Å"sensuous nuance† which was a true representation of romantic landscape. Other aspects of European society that transformed the romantic era included symbolism and myth. Symbols borrowed from the European society in romanticism were viewed as human artistic correlatives of emblematic language in nature (Hye-Kyung, 2005). They were given a lot of value and attention, since they could suggest many things simultaneously. One can say that the myths were partly used because of the desire to communicate â€Å"inexpressible† by use of the readily available language resources. During this period, people’s love for nature and imagination had prospered, flourished and skyrocketed. The main tenets of romanticism included individualism, emotionalism, and nature. These three main qualities are visible repeatedly in a number of very important and lasting artists, authors, musicians, and so forth. In romantic art and literature, nature was portrayed in a romantic manner. For instance, in artistic paintings such as the kindred spirits done by Asher Durand nature is portrayed alongside friendship between two men (Irving, 2004). In the painting, the two men stand on top of a cliff surrounded by very beautiful scenery. Use of light in the painting makes it to appear somehow hazy but well illuminated. Use of lush and green trees in a mountainous background creates an emphasis of simple, pure beauty of nature. Emotionalism is another tenet deeply shown in romantic literature. The romantics had a common belief that opening one-self or â€Å"using

The Great Depression in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Great Depression in Canada - Essay Example One of the examples of a depression is often regarded to be the great depression witnessed by Canada. The period of depression was recorded to instigate during the summer of 1929 and extended till the spring of 1933. For the Canadian citizens, the depression period of the 1930s is still considered to be the most devastating decade of the century2. The major cause for this was the crash in the stock market, which is often considered to be the consequence of the wheat crop crash in Canada. With due consideration to the notion of a depression and its emergence in the Canadian economy, the main objective of this paper will be to understand the major causes of the economic turmoil and also to describe the aftermath of the depression. A brief description of the total scenario of Canada in the historical context of the great depression will be presented in this paper. Historical Background The great depression of Canada existed during the 1930s as an era of economic poverty. The reasons for this depression in Canada can be related with various economic factors such as economic dependency, poverty, and unemployment among others. The period of depression initially was recorded in the year 1929, when United States discontinued purchasing goods from the Canadian market. This resulted in lockouts in many of the Canadian industries and thus contributed to the financial crisis. A huge number of Canadians became jobless and homeless lacking the basic amenities required to lead a healthy life. Even after getting a job, the Canadians were often paid at extremely low rates, which were not enough to fulfill their basic needs. The remaining unemployed Canadians used to move across the country in search of jobs and thus increased the liabilities of the government through inbound migration trends3. In Canada, the financial crisis was first observed in 1928 after the wheat crop crash had emerged resulting in the crash of the Wall Street Stock Market that later took the form of the gr eat depression. One of the major causes of the depression in Canada was the over-production and over-expansion in the industrial sectors. During the 1920s, almost every industry in Canada was expanding and many new industries came into existence. As a result of this, the factory owners generally used to pile up huge stocks of goods. Consequently, after the crash of the stock market, these owners panicked and in order to slow down the production they laid off a huge number of workers. This resulted in a huge unemployment problem within the economy, which fuelled up a financial crisis in Canada. Therefore, the sale also went down causing an economic misbalance4. Furthermore, the Canadian economy remained entirely dependent upon a few primary products such as wheat, minerals and fish. Accordingly, the economy could not bear the loss from financial crisis as the demand for these goods went down after the unemployment problem. The economy of Canada was also related closely with the econo my of the United States. Hence, with the emergence of a crisis within the American economy, the economic conditions of Canada also deterioted by a considerable extent. All through the 1920s, credit purchase became more and more favored in Canada. The added interest payments with the principle amount made many families go under huge debts4. Another very popular trend in the Canadian market at

Ethics Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Project - Case Study Example This is because the company might not be able to establish the efficacy of the other levels of the client’s security system that were done by another or other computer network security companies (George 45). The risk aversion principle supports my recommendation because the event of liability for a security breach would tarnish the reputation of the company making it lose the trust of its many clients when it would easily borne the loss of one potential client. When declining to grant the client’s request, the CEO would need to provide the client with sufficient information on all potential risks involved for both the company and the client. This would comply with the guiding principle of the Association of Information Technology Professionals’ ideal of upholding honesty. Finally, my recommendation to decline the client’s request would be to benefit the many clients of the company by reassuring them of the company’s accountability. Based on the utilitarian principle, it would be better for the company to lose this potential client and safeguard the trust of its many clients (George 45). Snapchat’s actions were not ethical because they would have caused serious damages to its subscribers. As such, the first specific action that Snapchat should have taken would have been to verify whether the security vulnerability was genuine or not in order to be sure of the plan of action. Another specific action for Snapchat would have been to initiate containment measures based on the extent of the vulnerability or the accrued damages in order to attend to its corporate duty of taking care of its clients. The final action would have been to notify its clients about the security vulnerability and reassure them that it has contained it in order to demonstrate its accountability to its clients (Perlroth & Wortham p8). The actions of

Sociology concepts Essay Example for Free

Sociology concepts Essay The family’s influence on socialization has been decreasing on the recent past. The family plays a vital part in socialization. It is within the family that the basic personality, attitudes, values and moral ideas are laid down. It is upon this foundation that adult socialization is built. The socialization of a child is not only the function of the parents but also those of the extended family at large living with the child’s parents also participate as the socializing agent. The parent in conjunction with other socializing agents has the task of directing the behavioral development of the child towards the desired normative socially valued goals. While the parent is doing this he acts as a feedback mechanism of environmental information to his child, thus communicating messages to the child about what the parent sees as discrepancies in the child’s current behavior as he attempts to eliminate these discrepancies through training. But more immediately however, the parents’ training program is determined by his phenomenal field, a field in which environmental information is only one of several forces and may be muted in its effect on parental behavior. From general observation most parents use reward, punishment and instructions to shape the child’s behavior in the direction of social norms within the home and the environment. The child’s behavioral development goes on regardless of whether anyone is attempting to manipulate it to produce desirable habits. Maturational processes make new forms of behavior possible and the child is continuously interacting with his family members, experiencing gratification and frustration, suffering trauma and separation acquiring attachments and avoidances, observing the behavior of immediate family members, spontaneously imitating what he sees and developing pleasant and frightening fantasies and increasing differentiated patterns of thought and action. Parents usually begin to train their children the general domestic duties at about the age of six or seven years. As soon as the child is old enough and sensible enough to comprehend instructions, he starts to perform tasks by copying the activities of the family members. Various roles that used to be carried out by the family have been taken over by some agents such as counselors, media, peer groups, schools and many others. This roles includes but not limited to ; Training of children which is currently done in school while parents are busy working to raise some income. The other agents of socialization for a child include nursery or kindergarten schools, day care centers as well as primary and secondary schools and universities. Peer groups perform specific functions that include; Courtship – Role rehearsals such as courting behavior, sex-role adoption, and expression of aggression which among the role families used to play. Roles such as courting were mainly covered within the family circles but these days peers have had more influence. Peer group controls the affection, the approval and prestige accorded to the children. Because of this significant role, it performs important functions in the personality development of the child. They also play the role of inculcating new skills to children. Teachers also assume the role of parents and try to inculcate their values into the child. A child learns all kinds of skills from the teachers like technical skills and other skills that will shape and influence their future life. Role of shaping children behavior has been left to schools. Children are trained on how to become tolerant to each other and how to cope with difficult situations in life by becoming tolerant schools. Such changes will affect social relationships in our society because some of these agents might influence bad behaviors to the young children. Due to peer group influence a child can develop unacceptable behavior. The social relations in the society will be affected because as children mix up with others in schools they develop some unacceptable behaviors. The roles that have been taken by other socialization agents from the family have resulted to the coming of a culture that is not generally acceptable. The young generation which spends most of their time in schools away from their parents will develop behaviors that the elders do not prefer within the community. For example through peer group influence the young generation get exposed and influenced by the hip hop music, learning new characters that the old generation is against. Due to great exposure, influence of technology, peer group influence and the education gained by the young generation will not regard the views of their family members. Hence it will be difficult for the family to guide and shape the behavior of their young generation. REFERENCES Sullivan T. J. (2003) ; Sociology: concepts and applications in a diverse world; Addison-Wesley